Or in terms of food, is natural better than man-made? Want to hear the academic explanation ~ thank you ~ this problem is one of a kind of problems, its
this article is the text summary + finishing version of the first issue of Zhihu live “organic agriculture vs transgenic breeding”. If you are interested, please listen to this live:
live entry: Zhihu live – a new real-time Q & a
1 Is it organic agriculture /organic food? “Organic food” is a set of certification standards. There is no global unified standard for organic food. The organic certification of the United States, the European Union and Japan can recognize each other. China’s organic certification is an independent system
in general, organic food should meet these conditions:
do not use chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, hormones Additives and other lands that use sustainable agricultural technologies to grow crops need a three-year conversion period. Genetic engineering technology (GMO) is not allowed to be used. It needs to be certified.
China’s certification system is divided into organic food, green food, pollution-free food and ordinary food:
2 History of organic agriculture in 1924, the Austrian philosopher Dr. rudolfsteiner put forward the bio dynamic farming method ()
rudolfsteiner’s bio dynamic farming method comes from his philosophical idea “Anthroposophy (). He also founded Waldorf education and still spreads the idea of” Anthroposophy “
rudolf’s bio dynamic agricultural method () is somewhat metaphysical and mystical. From the standard point of view, bio dynamic agricultural method is higher than the standard of organic food. Today, it needs Demeter certification to be considered as a bio dynamic agricultural product. This concept is still popular in some places. For example, some wine wineries adopt the concept of biodynamic farming to make wine
why does the bio dynamic farming method have the meaning of Metaphysics? You can see the ox horn in the lower right corner of the figure. The believers of the bio dynamic farming method believe that putting the cow dung and silica into the ox horn and burying them in the ground for six months in the summer, then taking them out and diluting them into fertilizer can enhance the vitality of the soil
in 1940, the term “organic” was first put forward. In 1962, Rachel Carson wrote “Silent Spring”. In 1990, the United States began to implement the “Organic Food Act”. In 2004, the certification and Accreditation Administration of China issued and implemented the trial standard – the specification for certification of organic food 3 Modern agricultural technology 4 Is organic food more nutritious? 5. no pesticides for organic food? The use of organic pesticides in organic agriculture is not applicable to chemical pesticides, which does not mean that there are fewer harmful substances in food, such as E. coli, mycotoxins, etc. 6. is organic agriculture better for the environment? 7. organic agriculture vs GMO technology if organic agriculture is an idea, then GMO technology is just a tool. If this GMO tool can conform to the organic idea, why can’t organic agriculture embrace GMO technology? 8. how to choose organic food vs. traditional food vs. genetically modified food? (personal view)
live entrance: Zhihu live – a new real-time Q & a
live introduction
I am dongganjun, a fourth year doctoral student in the Department of plant breeding at wagenigen University (UR) in the Netherlands, majoring in potato late blight resistance breeding. He once wrote some popular science answers related to transgenic and plant breeding in Zhihu, and is also the author of Zhihu’s one hour series of e-books “potato domestication” and “reading plant breeding in Wada”. Recently, cuiyongyuan opened an online shop to sell “safe, healthy and non GMO” agricultural products, which has aroused heated discussion on the Internet. Let’s not discuss those inflated prices and stolen pictures. Do you know what organic agriculture /food is? Does organic food mean “natural, safe, without any chemical pesticides or fertilizers”? Is organic agriculture really opposite to transgenic breeding? In addition, is the mall opened by Xiao Cui really selling organic food? This time, live will introduce and compare traditional agriculture, organic agriculture and modern high-tech agriculture (including but not limited to GM technology), so that you can better understand and choose food with more confidence. This live mainly includes the following contents?? From cuiyongyuan’s online shop?? What is organic agriculture /food??? What is genetically modified breeding? What are the genetically modified foods we may eat??? Is organic agriculture opposed to modern agriculture including transgenic technology??? Organic agriculture vs modern agriculture?? How should consumers choose with confidence??? Q & a
\\\\\organic products are defined as an ecological production management system that is conducive to enhancing biodiversity, biological cycle system and soil biological activity, aiming to maintain and enhance ecological harmony. Relevant regulations in the United States stipulate that synthetic pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, transgenic technology, chemical fertilizers or sewage sludge cannot be used for the growth of organic food. In order to ensure soil fertility, crop rotation, alternate cultivation and cultivation, planting cover crops, and using natural fertilizers are often used. The land planted with organic crops cannot use any prohibited substances within 3 years before the harvest of crops. Animals need to feed 80% organic feed for 9 months and 100% organic feed for 3 months before they can be called organic. Dan Glickman, Secretary of the United States Department of agriculture, clarified that “organic” is just a production philosophy. Compared with ordinary food, organically certified food does not mean better, safer or healthier food. Comparison with traditional food in terms of nutrition and safety 1 The pesticide residue research shows that the pesticide residue in organic food is lower than that in traditional food, but it is of little significance to reduce the daily pesticide intake through food organic food, because the limit set in the pesticide residue standard is far lower than the dose causing toxicity. However, the application of natural pesticides is not only beneficial to the environment, but also to the health of farm workers. In 2004, there were 828 pesticide disease events caused by occupation, 71 from pesticide loading /mixing personnel, 196 from pesticide applicators, 22 from operators of pesticide spraying machinery, and 68 from farmland workers. Therefore, the use of organic pesticides can significantly reduce such chemical burns and poisoning events. 2. nutrition at present, some research results show that the content of nutrients in organic food is higher than that in traditional food, especially the content of organic acids and polyphenols. There are two hypotheses for the explanation of this result: (1) synthetic fertilizers provide nitrogen to accelerate crop growth, and all resources in plants are allocated to growth without enough for the synthesis of secondary metabolites; (2) Organic growth conditions promote crops to produce chemicals that can defend against external invasion, such as polyphenols, but also produce natural toxins. Although the content of organic acids and other nutrients in organic food is high, there is no direct research that shows that human consumption of these nutrients can reduce the risk of disease. 3. nitrate content a large number of studies have proved that the nitrate content in traditional food is much higher than that in organic food. 4. the synthesis of natural toxins and secondary metabolites has the same mechanism. Organic crops synthesize pest resistant substances to resist the invasion of pests. Some studies have shown that the organic growth conditions are related to the content of toxins formed in crops. Among them, glycoalkaloids () formed in potatoes and tomatoes can inhibit the synthesis of cholinesterase in human body; Coumarin () synthesized from celery is considered as a possible carcinogen; Aflatoxin in corn and peanut is recognized as a mutagen, carcinogen and teratogen. However, because the content of natural toxins in organic food is different from that in traditional food, it has not been determined which food is more toxic. 5. microbial colony count according to the national organic standard, the natural fertilizer applied to organic food must be degraded for not less than 90 days before harvest. Because fertilizers and antibiotics are banned in organic food, the natural fertilizers from animal feces have a high number of bacteria. In one study, 476 organic food samples and 129 traditional food samples were compared. 9.7% of organic samples contained E. coli and 1.6% of traditional samples contained E. coli; Among the certified organic products, the samples with E. coli accounted for 4.3%. Lettuce, whether organic or traditional, is the most vulnerable food to E. coli contamination. Reference to the above: in recent years, a number of food safety incidents broke out in China, making the concept of “organic” popular. Many consumers listened to the merchants’ propaganda and thought that organic food was better than ordinary food. Therefore, the area of organic food stalls in supermarkets became larger and larger, and the prices became more and more expensive
so what’s good about organic food? Is it worth the price
to answer this question, we must first give an accurate definition of organic food. It is easy to say but difficult to do, because the standards of different countries are different. The minimum standard for the concept of “organic” is very simple: as long as agricultural products are grown without chemical fertilizer and chemical pesticides, and poultry and livestock are fed without commercial feed and various additives, they can be called organic food. This is the definition of most organic food sold in domestic supermarkets. But this definition is too simple. The standards formulated by foreign organic certification systems are much more complex than this. In addition to the above points, every step of the whole chain of production, processing and transportation must meet strict requirements before they can be labeled as organic food. It is precisely because of the confusion of the certification system and inadequate supervision that the domestic organic food industry is in chaos. Many illegal vendors take the opportunity to cheat consumers
the organic food industry is very different from the general food safety supervision system. The latter can make judgments by testing the finished products. However, all the supervision means of the organic industry are only applicable to the production process. Once a commodity is put on the shelf, the supervision department is helpless. The reason for this difference is that the difference between organic food and ordinary food in composition is so subtle that it is difficult for anyone to distinguish them. It is also for this reason that the research on organic food conducted by various research institutions lacks a unified standard, and the conclusions are diverse and very different. Ordinary consumers simply do not know who to trust
to solve this problem, Professor crystal Smith Spangler, a nutritionist at Stanford University in the United States, and her colleagues retrieved 237 papers that meet certain standards from the paper database. Their topics are about the similarities and differences between organic food and ordinary food. These studies involve not only organic crops, but also organic poultry and livestock. Spengler input the results of these papers into the computer, integrated the conclusions of each article according to a certain algorithm, and wrote a summary of the final analysis results, which was published in the annals of Internal Medicine published on September 4 this year
first of all, this review found that the pesticide residues in organic food are lower than those in ordinary food, which is very easy to understand. More organic food is used, more natural residues are also found. However, at least the pesticide content of ordinary food sold in regular stores in the United States is within the specified range, and normal consumption will not cause harm to human body
secondly, this review finds that